Endocrine disorders are related to the endocrine system which is a collection of major glands that are responsible for the secretion of vital hormones with the help of the circulatory system, throughout the body. Major glands of the endocrine system and their associated disorders include:
Pineal gland: This gland is found in the vertebrae of your brain which is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone which affects sleeping patterns. Endocrine disorders related to the pineal gland include deficiency of melatonin which leads to symptoms of depression, change in dietary habits, stress, peptic ulcers, unable to perform sexually. Psychotic depression happens to be the number one endocrine disorder when it comes to the pineal gland.
Pituitary gland: Pituitary glands help secrete hormones which control growth, blood pressure, the functioning of vital sex organs, your thyroid glands and most importantly your metabolism. Pituitary tumors can result in endocrine disorders like hypersecretion and hyposecretion which in simple terms means too much or too little of the hormone being secreted by the gland.
Thyroid gland: This gland mainly secrets thyroid hormones which influence your metabolism concerning your metabolic rate and protein synthesis. Endocrine disorders of the thyroid gland are more or less similar to the pituitary gland including the after-effects of hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and thyroid nodules. A thyroid nodule is a small bump in the thyroid gland which is not necessarily cancerous. However medical attention is advised in case the lumps are noticeable and enlarged.
Adrenal gland: Adrenal glands are responsible for producing vital hormones like adrenaline, steroid hormones like aldosterone and cortisol. However, adrenal glands are also one of the easiest to get affected when it comes to endocrine disorders which include Cushing syndrome due to the overproduction of cortisol, Addison’s disease which is the result of underproduction of cortisol.
Thymus: Thymus is the primary organ of your immune system consisting of T cells which help the body and the immune system adapt to foreign invaders. Endocrine disorders of the thymus gland include SCID’s which is a type of genetic mutation that affects the normal growth of T cells, thus affecting the immune system. DiGeorge syndrome results in poor development of vital organs of the immune system, while carcinomas results in cell growth outside the gland with common symptoms that include trouble breathing along with chest pain and a persistent cough.
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History of mathematical symbols
Read moreThe history of mathematical notation includes its commencement, progress and further cultural diffusion. There were conflict of methods of notations. The history includes multicultural and lingual including Roman, Greek, Hebrew, German, Hindu, Arabic and German alphabets. These host of mathematical symbols were developed in the due course of centuries. The ones that gained popularity are the ones you see in today’s world (original notations might still be used in the native grounds that they originated from).
The development of mathematical notations can be divided into stages that have been listed below.
Rhetorical stage
The rhetorical stage is where calculations were performed by words and there were no use of symbols. The rhetorical stage had mathematical notations that were based on distinctive features like symbols having local as well as intrinsic values. The mathematical notations originated from the real world problems even before the underlying rules and concepts were identified and defined as abstract structures. Geometry, for example, has its origin from calculating the distances and areas in the world. The Egyptians had symbols for basic operations. Legs going forward represented addition, and legs going backward meant subtraction. People from Mesopotamian had symbols for each power of ten. They are one of those cultures that wrote their numbers just like it is written in the modern times. For example, instead of having symbols for higher notation of a degree of number, they would just put the coefficient of that number. By the year 800 BC, they had created a symbol for zero and it acted as a placeholder.Syncopated stage
Plato’s work has been strong especially in the field of mathematics. His work helped distinguish between pure and applied mathematics. The Greek mathematics refined the methods by introducing deductive reasoning and expanded the subject matter of mathematics.The Milesian numeration
The Greeks employed a mathematical numeration which was based on system of the Egyptian. It was later adapted by Romans. The Greek numerals denoted four as four vertical lines. The symbol to denote number five was the symbol (pi) for the Greeks. Ten was represented by a triangle and the word for ten was Deca (hence the name decimal). -
Pneumonia – Causes, signs and treatments
Read morePneumonia is a bacterial infection that takes place in the lungs. Various symptoms of Pneumonia are visible and may even require immediate hospitalization so that the patient may be treated under intense and appropriate medical care. Yet, for many people, the condition may be treated at home if the bacteria have not progressed to a great degree at the time of diagnosis. The condition is known to clear within a few weeks, but it may give rise to complications for those who are already suffering from other diseases.
There are many causes of pneumonia. The top reason is exposure to very low temperatures. Let us find out more about causes of Pneumonia along with the measures that may be taken for diagnosis and treatment.
• Causes of the bacterial infection: Pneumonia is a bacterial infection which is caused by the bacteria known as pneumonia. When we breathe in germs which enter our lungs, this bacteria gets activated. This happens during extremely low or cold temperatures when we do not have enough of protective layers of clothing on us. This leads us to start breathing from the mouth, which clears the way for germs to enter into the lungs. It may also happen when a person already has had a cold and flu. This can trigger the growth of the pneumonia bacteria, which can lead to the infection as well.
• Implications: Pneumonia can leave your immunity in a bad condition and therefore, you will not be in the state to fight the onset of further infections. Also, for those who are already suffering from chronic diseases like diabetes, cancer, and heart disease, the condition may get worse. Further, patients who are suffering from such kind of chronic diseases are at a far greater risk of contracting the disease as their immunity is already at an all-time low.
• Symptoms: Pneumonia comes with a number of symptoms. One of the earliest signs of the infection is a persistent, racking cough. Also, the patient will experience chills and accelerated heartbeat. Nausea, vomiting as well as loose motions will be experienced by the patient. The patient will also feel a lot of fatigue. Chest pain is also another common symptom that comes along with the coughing.
• Diagnosis: The diagnosis will be conducted with the help of an X-Ray and other tests like complete blood count or CBC. The mucus from the lungs may also be extracted and tested in order to determine the existence of the disease.
• Treatment: There are many measures that will be taken in order to treat the infection. To begin with, the doctor will prescribe antibiotics that must be taken regularly. Also, it is imperative that one should not stop taking them but finish the full course. Not completing the course of antibiotics may lead to a relapse of the condition. Further, the patient will need to take complete rest and get lots of sleep so that the body’s energy may get replenished. Also, a proper diet with plenty of hot liquids is be prescribed for the patient.